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By listening we find out that we are not. Ordinary listening merely accesses data and at best information, but that does not necessarily lead to action, in the absence of the making of distinctions. Once we get to this constructivist point, we can use the space of \u2018we are not\u2019 to make distinctions between our old selves and the continuously (re)designed new selves, and for that to happen we need to pay attention to what listening can reveal.
\nClaudia Westerman (2010:24-25) queried, apropos of last year\u2019s C:ADM conference, the type of space that a cybernetic conversation needs in order to \u2018be designed\u2019 \/ constructed (my wording), and, even more interesting, she uses the term \u2018framing\u2019 in the context of this space, as well as reporting that there were many questions from participants \u201cabout rules and how to play them\u201d. Mark Johnson (2010) was somewhat concerned with the notion of causality in terms of the nature of constructed realities, in the sense that \u201cI\u2019d like my cybernetics to allow me the freedom to at least consider the possibility of an ontological world, just as it lends itself to allowing me to consider the possibility of the absence of reality\u201d, to which Ben Sweeting responded with \u201ccybernetics [locates] us in the world in the midst of reciprocal subject-object interactions\u201d.
\nThis paper, then, will have a conversation with itself, following Luhmann\u2019s (2002:156) \u2018only communications can communicate\u2019, in the sense of wondering about Westerman\u2019s space for conversation, and what framing means for the conversationalist (speaker) and listener (same person, who is also the observer of self-observations); it is in the \u2018framing\u2019 that construction of realities take shape, and it is here that a communal sense of the rules and how to \u2018play\u2019 them emerge, an element of cybernetic conversation that should speak to Johnson\u2019s concerns over causality. This space of becoming is nothing if it is not an ontological world of possibility, and it is here that we find both presence and absence playing new games with new rules, proving that cybernetics allows us to locate ourselves in worlds of probability wherein we are the reciprocal subject-object relation. If listening could be made visible, we would be able to see this happening, see ourselves being redesigned, \u2018as we speak\u2019.
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Finding no-one
\nBy listening we find out that we are not. Ordinary listening merely accesses data and at best information, but that does not necessarily lead to action,[1] in the absence of the making of distinctions. Once we get to this constructivist point, we can use the space of \u2018we are not\u2019 to make distinctions between our old selves and the continuously (re)designed new selves, and for that to happen we need to pay attention to what the concept of listening can reveal.<\/p>\n
Claudia Westermann (2010:24-25) queried, apropos of last year\u2019s C:ADM conference, the type of space that a cybernetic conversation needs in order to \u2018be designed\u2019 \/ constructed (my wording), and, even more interesting, she uses the term \u2018framing\u2019 in the context of this space, as well as reporting that there were many questions from participants \u201cabout rules and how to play them\u201d. I find that these and similar queries are ongoing, and still of concern to many people, which is enough reason to entice them into an open conversation about understanding, and what we mean when using this term. The space of \u2018we are not\u2019 is a space for conversation, and it is here that the construction of realities take shape. This space of becoming is nothing if it is not an ontological world of possibility, proving that cybernetics allows us to locate ourselves in worlds of probability wherein we are the reciprocal subject-object relation. If listening could be made visible, we would be able to see this happening, see ourselves being redesigned, \u2018as we speak\u2019, as we listen, given that speaking here means an investigative response to what we are listening to, turning \u2018speech\u2019 into \u2018probe\u2019.<\/p>\n
Listening to no-one
\nListen as hard as you may, but you will still hear nothing, since there is nothing to hear in the first place. We tell ourselves that there can be no listening without hearing, and no hearing without sound, and the content of sound is communication; so we fondly believe, since this is a normal, safe, and accepted argument. In that case, you would be arguing that deaf people cannot listen to a conversation, and yet they do exactly that. If there can be no listening without hearing, then reading a book cannot be about a conversation, but it is, and even more so (in some respects) than a verbal conversation.[2] Listening does not just mean I hear you, and that we can therefore assume that I understand you. Listening can be done with our ears, with our eyes, with our skin, and if we are lucky, we learn how to listen with all our senses, in an act of synchrony, or, we learn to listen by designing our own framing actions. The truth is that I cannot hear \u2018you\u2019, because there is no \u2018you\u2019 to listen to, only an \u2018I\u2019 that advances the movements (and displacements) of existence. I admit to a radical constructivism, and I may as well be as radical as I can be, which includes the tenets of social autopoiesis, and therefore we hear nothing because there is no you, only a structural I that makes decisions about couplings with its environment[3] based on the integrity of its own internal organisation. This last observation can be, and is usually, interpreted (put into practice) in various (and often, divergent) ways, the most common state of being ensuing through what Heidegger calls Verfallen, since we deal with our world (our whole environment, i.e., our social, cultural, economic, professional \u2018worlds-of-influence\u2019) in such a way that the \u2018I\u2019 we have constructed can survive, as intact as possible, based on the integrity of the internal organisation of what we believe our identity to be, but Verfallen can mean such a falling back into the everyday concerns of the world – work and play \u2013 that we are not really thinking, and definitely not listening.<\/p>\n
Who are we then, if we can so easily construct an \u2018I\u2019 that only manages to listen to the brute voice of animal survival?
\nIf reasoning is anything like thinking (seen in the broadest sense), then everyday concerns, Verfallen, an unthinking and \u2018practical\u2019 attitude will lead us to the conclusion that in everyday conversations we are not listening at all, but only manufacturing arguments to strengthen our own case (which may be seen as an argument for brute survival), and yet this is exactly what is seemingly being argued by Mercier and Sperber (2011), and I am afraid that I have to agree. However, the case for reasoning as an argument for \u2018survival\u2019 does not, in fact, include the brute voice of individualism as we have been led to believe, and if we can accept the autopoietical structure of living systems (above), then the Mercier and Sperber (2011:57) argument holds, namely that when humans use reasoning (as an everyday activity, but we can expand that idea to specific reasoning as well) they are not so much seeking truth as they are \u2018designing\u2019 an argument to support their particular viewpoint. What Mercier and Sperber are proposing is that we should re-think our notion of reasoning in general, since \u201cmuch evidence shows that reasoning often leads to epistemic distortions and poor decisions\u201d (:57). Much of what can be called \u2018normal\u2019 reasoning is done through an unconscious and intuitive inference, while argument should be a conscious process, by the observer of that process, of the process itself, but also a consciousness of the mechanism by which a conclusion is reached; \u201cWhat characterizes reasoning proper is indeed the awareness not just of a conclusion but of an argument that justifies accepting that conclusion\u201d (Mercier and Sperber, 2011:58). Justification of the making of (particular) distinctions (part of argumentation) and justification of the form that our \u2018survival\u2019 takes \u2013 in short, justification of and for the form that the design we choose is inclusive or exclusive, of the other.<\/p>\n
What, then, is the difference between this type of argument (which most people would assume to be linked to \u2018logic\u2019) and rhetoric (which, by the same argument, is assumed to be strengthened, perhaps unfairly, by persuasion), and how is reasoning \/ thinking like listening?
\nToulmin (2001:167) refers to Aristotle\u2019s work on logic as a still relevant point of departure when thinking about our own thinking, which is what reasoning is, or should be, even on the mildest scale of operations; \u201cWe give reasons for the things we do, the ways we vote, and the movies we admire; we find fault with the reasons of the same kinds that others offer in turn … Little of this has to do with formal or substantive analytics; yet we can all be said to \u2018know a lot\u2019 about these things, as is clear of we take the trouble to study everyday conversations.\u201d Here we have a link between conversation and logic, and more, since Toulmin (2001:25) questions the distinction between logical analysis and rhetorical power – seen by some as the difference between authentic reasoning and inadequate persuasion – and then asks how can this distinction, this separation, be maintained in real life (\u201crealistically or universally … applied\u201d), as if we could think and reason using \u201ccontext-free and timeless concepts\u201d that are \u201cdisembedded\u201d from our experiential world(s) via a valueless language? How could we, in our language use that is so humanly and metaphorically symbolic, manage to break apart what can better be regarded as a unity, i.e., \u201cRhetoric and Logic … the substantive appraisal of argumentation and the formal analysis of arguments\u201d (:25), since both provide us with forms of knowledge that should return to a whole (experience and appreciation of our constructed worlds).<\/p>\n
To reason within an everyday conversation<\/p>\n
The cybernetic rule of law (which I just made up) is encapsulated in the following: as I have written elsewhere (van der Merwe, 2007), according to Churchman (1977) the philosopher Spinoza was of the opinion that \u201cthe ethical mode of life is understanding\u201d, and Russell (1987:555) agrees that Spinoza thought the preservation (those formative elements we choose to conserve) of man\u2019s own being results from a wise act, which in turn is made possible through personal but also contextual understanding. Wittgenstein\u2019s belief (Edmonds and Eidinow, 2001:55) was that ethics can only be revealed through the way we choose to act, because as a subject it resists articulation: it is there, but we cannot talk about it, directly, as a subject separate from … something else, which is more like Davis\u2019s hermeneutic listening, below. <\/p>\n
To reason within an everyday conversation, then, requires that we pay attention to what a cybernetic conversation can afford its participants, namely the capability of listening to the cybernetic rule of law, which, among other things states that ethics can only be expressed when \u2018dialogue falls quiet\u2019, allowing us to see the form of ethics in the representation of each other\u2019s actions and its consequences, and we listen to, and \u2018see\u2019 the developing social systems design conversation, itself a \u2018thing\u2019 that cannot be expressed or perceived directly, but that must be allowed, in a reasonable way and in the public sphere, to develop as a living systems idea, and therefore protected as an ongoing and necessary conversation. What we listen to cannot be written down, and like ethics cannot be expressed directly (everything is mediated by something else), and \u201cwhen words are not enough \u2013 when dialogue falls quiet\u201d (Nelson, 2004:265), we have to allow a \u2018thing\u2019 to show itself, to become clear through its image in another\u2019s representation.<\/p>\n
This correlates with Jacques Maritain\u2019s belief that we should live according to the \u201clogic of the structure of the living thing\u201d, not the logic of decidability, or what Maritain (1939:52) called the pseudo-logic of clear ideas (i.e., positivism), but the logic of the living and contextual, cybernetic, conversation that seeks associations, relationships, and the creation of that open space of ontological possibility where listening includes the idea of an investigative response. We are indeed redesigning our new selves when we find ourselves \u2018listening\u2019 for our own voices of reason \u2013 that could bring to us a narrative of being\/movement and of action\/decision. This hybrid rhetoric\/logic voice speaks to us of both our own contact with the world and the information coming to us (the structure being informationally open) from the environment we move in, i.e., the social and practical world of others, and find in this hybrid voice \/narrative the acceptable reasons (the logic of the living thing) for making choices.<\/p>\n
A cybernetic conversation is thus much more a form of listening than it is a form of (traditional) communication, as Davis\u2019s work shows. Davis (1997:355-356) uses Rorty\u2019s expansive approach to human consciousness by referring to the latter\u2019s notion of developing new ways of speaking (and therefore of thinking) about perception and its consequent action(s), and Davis does so by focusing on three ways of listening, the third being of most interest here, which he calls hermeneutic listening. This comes closest to what a cybernetic conversation can achieve, although I have to take issue with his interpretation of constructivism, which he believes has the individual as its object of study as far as cognition is concerned. In contrast, enactivism regards issues such as learning and making distinctions for action as both individual and collective, which, when \u201cunderstood to exist in dialogical, ecological, and coemergent relationship … cannot be understood as distinct\u201d (Davis, 1997:366). And yet, while regarding constructivism as limited, Davis does point out that both constructivism and enactivism (and for the latter he cites the work of Bateson and Varela et al. as examples) are based on a cognitive logic that brings into play the principle of survival-of-the-fit (as opposed to the erroneous survival of the fittest), which means that cognition, and particularly the example of hermeneutic listening, should be underpinned by the notion of adequacy (i.e., also denoting competency and capability), in other words, based on (contextual) discussion rather than through imposition of a rule.<\/p>\n
What hermeneutic listening accomplishes is to overcome the notion of a single authority, and to replace that with collective relationships, further highlighting the importance of listening as \u201can imaginative participation in the formation and transformation of experience … [demanding] … the willingness to interrogate the taken for granted and the prejudices that frame our perceptions and actions\u201d (Davis, 1997:369-370). Hermeneutic listening is thus, ultimately, a corrective to the modern preoccupation with an authentic \u2018self\u2019 \u2013 we listen to know who we are, and what we can become. As for my statement that cybernetics allows us to locate ourselves in worlds of probability wherein we are the reciprocal subject-object relation, the following: \u201cOnce one has understood that perceptions and observations do not drift like snowflakes into a passive receiver but are the result of actions carried out by an active subject, one cannot but wonder what precisely these actions are and how they work\u201d (von Glasersfeld, 1996); extrapolated from this I believe that this active subject can also be an \u2018active object\u2019, in the sense that perceptions and observations drift like snowflakes from the observer towards the observed, and settle on the objects and events being observed like a cloak of awareness, trying in the process to become conscious of the no-one. This is the act of listening, a discernment that feels its way to a possible judgment (the making of distinctions in order to act\/decide), and it tries to do so with shrewdness and sensitivity. What is being observed, and listened to (listened for), also includes the possible relations we can observe, in this act of listening, that, if acceptable, can lead to the form (design) of the new self.<\/p>\n
List of References
\nChurchman, C.W. (1977). A Philosophy for Complexity, from Managing Complexity, orig. in H.A. Linstone and W.H. Simmonds (eds.), Managing Complexity. Reading (Mass.): Addison-Wesley. http:\/\/groups.haas.berkeley.edu\/gem\/essays\/complex.html
\nDavis, B. (1997). Listening for Differences: An Evolving Conception of Mathematics Teaching. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 28(3):355-376.
\nEdmonds, D. and Eidinow, J. (2001) Wittgenstein\u2019s Poker. London: faber and faber.
\nMaritain, J. (1939). Art and Scholasticism, J.F. Scanlan, translator. London: Sheed & Ward.
\nMercier, H. and Sperber, D. (2011). Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34(2):57-74.
\nNelson, H. (2004). Bela H. Banathy: The Legacy of a Design Conversation. Systems Research and Behavioural Science 21(3):261-268.
\nRussell, B. (1987). A History of Western Philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin.
\nToulmin, S. (2001). Return to Reason. Cambridge (MASS): Harvard University Press.
\nVan der Merwe, J. (2007). The complexity of design as a wavefunction, in Pre-proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Complexity and Philosophy, February 22-23, 2007, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
\nVan der Merwe, J., and Brewis, J. (2011). From Problem-Solving Paradigm to Co-Ontogenic Drift: How do Learning Narratives Self-Generate? Leonardo 44(2):133-138.
\nWestermann, C. (2010). Review of Cybernetics: Art, Design, Mathematics Conference 2010. Leonardo Online, 2 November 2010. http:\/\/www.leonardo.info\/reviews\/nov2010\/westermann_cybernetic.php <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Finding no-one By listening we find out that we are not. Ordinary listening merely accesses data and at best information, but that does not necessarily lead to action, in the absence of the making of distinctions. Once we get to … Continue reading